See the attachment for the title, because is to big Essay

See the attachment for the title, because is to big - Essay Example the use of another; a confidence respecting property reposed in one person, who is termed the trustee, for the benefit of another, who is called the cestui que trust. Law of equity and trust confers the provision regarding the trust. It laid down several duties and responsibilities for the trustees. Moreover there are provisions like co-ownership, proprietary estoppels, fiduciary relationship etc. Apart from this, one of the prominent feature of trust is, it can be raised from either trust deed/covenant as said before or by the Will, i.e. a testamentary trust is a trust created by a Will or a codicil to a Will. A testament is a Will. of or includes land and the trustees of such a trust are trustees of land. Any description of trust includes an implied resulting or constructive trust and a bare trust. (1) An implied trust is based on the presumed intention of the parties at the time the property is acquired by the resulting trustee. That is the point at which the contributors beneficial interests crystallise. The beneficial shares are unaffected by subsequent conduct. This scope of implied trust has been rightly explained in Cowcher v Cowcher (2). Moreover a trust can be defined as a "land" which includes land of any tenure and property divided either vertically or horizontal (as in the case of a block of flats) and easements, but does not include an undivided share in land. (3)Now we shall scrutinize how far the scope of trust of land and its various ingredients will help to analyze the issues brought up in the given problem. Co-ownership (4) is where a person is entitled to hold land together with others who have simultaneous interests at the same time they are said to hold concurrently. Where ever there is co ownership there will be a trust of land. There are 2 types of co-ownership --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- So in this case Ayesha can claim her share in the property as she is

Moisturize your Face with Steam Essay Example for Free

Moisturize your Face with Steam Essay Steaming is one of the most effective methods of removing pimples. To apply this method, boil water in a container for a couple of minutes. After that, place the container containing boiled water beneath your face. Allow the steam to dampen your face for a couple of minutes. Afterwards clean your face with lukewarm water. Boiling water helps remove debris and oil from your face without increasing the pimples. Alternately, you can use an oil free lotion to moisturize your face and remove pimples. Apply Toothpaste on your Pimples This is the most common cure for pimples. Of course, you may brush your teeth before sleeping every night, but this time, apply toothpaste on your face! Ideally, wake up once or twice in the night to ensure that the paste still covers the spot. You can apply the paste again if that is not the case; doing so will clear up your face in the morning. However, use toothpaste only and never apply gel on your pimples. Apply Lavender Oil on the Acne This is a less common remedy for pimple growth but it is known for bringing results, especially on teenagers. Apply lavender oil on your pimples several times and before going to sleep. This oil helps to dry up the spots to a great degree. Use Lemon Juice Another effective method of curing acne is applying lemon juice. When you rub lemon juice on your pimples, it has a quick effect. Use it before going to sleep to see great results in the morning. 9 ways to prevent a breakout and get clear skin 1. Do the One-Minute Rule Using a face wash laced with salicylic acid (from one to two percent depending on how bad, and how often, you break out) is a surefire way to stop pimples from forming. Its simple: Instead of spot treating after one pops up, youre keeping every single pore clear from the get go. Suds up in the morning and night, and then wait one full minute before rinsing so the gentle exfoliator can work its pore-clearing magic. 2. Wipe Away Oil If your T-zone typically resembles an oil slick 24/7-or youve worked up a sweat crossing off your to do list-dont wait until you get home to degrease. When excess sebum (aka oil) seeps into your pores, pimple-promoting bacteria will quickly follow. Use a pre-moistened salicylic acid-soaked cleansing cloth directly on oil-prone zones (i.e. your forehead, nose, chin) to help keep skin clean and prevent future breakouts. 3. Dont Forget to Hydrate Just because acne-prone skin has plenty of oil to go around, doesnt mean its water content, which is crucial for healthy skin, is up to par. Plus, overuse of oil-fighting products can leave skin parched-and wanting to compensate with more oil (eek!). Look for a lightweight, oil-free face cream that gives just the right amount of hydration, but wont contribute to your acne issue. What you want: A formula that contains hydrators that mimic those in skin naturally, like ceramides, humectants, and squalene. If your skin is super prone to acne, opt for an even lighter gel, not cream, texture. 4. Turn up the TLC Sometimes even if your skin is having a good (aka clear) day, you can still see some redness. Thats because acne is essentially inflammation, so some irritation all the time or post-pimple is common. Soothe sensitive skin overnight with calming botanicals such as chamomile, licorice, or aloe vera extract. 5. Exfoliate on the Regular Once or twice a week, take your skin smoothing up a notch and use a product that contains salicylic acid (or look for willow bark extract, its all natural counterpart) along with gentle fruit enzymes. This powerful pore-perfecting combo will help rev cell turnover and prevent dead skin cells, debris, and bacteria from building up in pores. 6. Start Using Retinol The gold standard of anti-aging also has an amazing anti-pimple track record. Apply a thin coat of a retinol-based treatment all over skin (if youve never used it before, you may need to work up to nightly; start off with three days a week to see how skin holds up to its potentially irritating effect). This vitamin-A derivative amps up cell turnover like no other so that pores have no choice but to stay clear. 7. Go Hands Free As in: Stop. Touching. Your. Face. Stress and hormones gone haywire are common culprits of a breakout-prone complexion but are not the only instigators. Piling on dirt all day long, like from constant contact with your iPhone or fingers, can create the perfect breeding ground for bacteria. Wipe down your cell phone once a day with an alcohol wipe or squirt some hand sanitizer on a tissue and rub it on the surface. And as you talk on your device, try not to press it firmly into your skin-it will only push makeup and dirt further into pores, causing you more pimple problems. 8. Feed Your Face Diet has a huge impact on skin and skin health (including acne): Up to 80 percent of your skin is affected by what you eat and drink. Fill your plate with a healthy, well-balanced diet to keep skin in the clear. Focus on eating plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables that are rich in vitamin A (grapefruit, mango, broccoli, and kale) to help normalize the production of dead skin cells, a key factor in acne breakouts. And add in eggs, salmon, and walnuts, which contain healthy oils that keep your complexion well nourished and help prevent pimples. 9. Chill Out Because the more you stress over a zit the bigger its going to get. When the stress hormone cortisol spikes, so does oil production-one of the main causes of adult acne (along with hyperactive lifestyles, alcohol, poor diet, and too much cumulative sun exposure). Instead, spot treat the bad boy with bacteria-fighting benzoyl peroxide. Natural Ingredients to Get Rid Of Acne Scars Fast Acne does not only scar the skin but also the mind and emotions of an individual. Walking down the road with a red swollen face filled with pus is a very embarrassing and painful both literally and figuratively. There are people who can’t help themselves talk about the other person who has a scarred face as a result of widespread acne. These reasons make people with acne find the quickest way to get rid of acne scars. They want to start a normal life without pain. They want to regain their confidence and self-esteem. There are the natural ingredients present in your kitchen. However, if you feel like the type of acne scars that you have are alarming, it is still best to consult a specialist about it. Here are some of the natural ingredients that can be very beneficial to quickly get rid of acne scars. Egg whites are rich in protein. Protein is very helpful in repairing ripped muscles and skin. These egg whites, about three pieces must be beaten into a fluffy and foamy texture. It must then be smothered on the face and act as a face mask. After a few minutes, this egg white mask must be rinsed with warm water. This method can be done 2-3 times in a week. Aloe Vera juice can also be a great natural remedy. We can see a lot of skin care products that contain Aloe Vera in its ingredients. Aloe Vera is an immune system booster. It also regenerates damaged skin tissues. Another natural ingredient that is commonly found in skin care products is lemon juice. Lemon contains AHA. AHA can thicken the skin and enables it to produce collagen. As this occurs, healing of the scarred skin is also sped up. Lemon juice has acidic elements. This acid helps in drying the acne quickly before it gets worse. A pinch of baking soda mixed with water can also remove the dead skin without hurting the skin. This mixture must be massaged gently on the skin. It can stay on the skin for a few minutes, then, it must be rinsed. Ginger is a natural antibacterial. A slice of it can be smeared on the infected area. After a few minutes, the face needs to be rinsed. This could be more painful than the other ingredients above mentioned because of ginger is a little bit spicy. These are just some of the many natural ingredients that can help you to quickly get rid of acne scars as they dry, peel and heal the scars. These methods will not be of great help if they will be done on a dirty face. After a long day of being exposed to pollution, our pores are clogged with dirt. The face must be very clean before any ingredient is placed on it or it will result to further damages and infection on the skin. So, for people who don’t know how to get rid of acne scars fast, these are some useful tips. Also, keeping the body hydrated is very important. Drinking the right amount of water is very useful in draining toxins that are present in the body because of the food that we eat.

History Of English Language Teaching

History Of English Language Teaching Today, English is the worlds most widely studied foreign language. Five hundred years ago, Latin was the most dominant language to be studied because it was the language of business, commerce and education in the western world. In the sixteenth century, however, French, Italian and English gain in importance as a result of political change in Europe and Latin gradually became displaced as a language of spoken and written communication (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). Latin became a dead language. It was being started to read in the books as classic language. Children started to enter in the grammar school in sixteenth and eighteenth centuries to learn grammar rules of Latin. To learn Latin language became a mental gymnastic. In the eighteenth century, when modern languages began to enter in the curriculum of the European countries, these languages were taught by the same methods as Latin language was taught. Grammatical rules were memorized. Written practices were done. The passages were translated from the second language to the first language and vice versa (ibid). By the nineteenth century, this method was considered as a standard method of teaching language. The textbooks were divided into chapters. Each chapter contained a certain grammatical rule and rule was practices with a lot of written exercises (ibid). Methods and Approaches of English Language Teaching According to Asher and James (1982), Methods are the combination of techniques that are used and plasticized by the teachers in the classrooms in order to teach their students and approaches are the philosophies of teachers about language teaching that can be applied in the classrooms by using different techniques of language teaching. For example, if a teacher has an approach that language is the communication and learning a language is in fact learning the meanings, functions and uses of language. So the techniques will be based on the communicative language teaching and task based methods. According to Freeman (2000), Methods which are taught to the teachers make a base and give them thinking about the applicable techniques and principles according to the situation where they stand. They are clear about their attraction towards certain methods and also think that why have they repelled certain method. The knowledge of method is very necessary because their knowledge is base of teaching. Grammar Translation Method Grammar translation method was the most popular and widely used method for language teaching between the ages of 1840 to 1940. But this method was first used for teaching and learning Latin language which was not the language of common use at that time. Latin was considered as a classic language. The learners were made able to study the literature of Latin language through learning the grammatical rules of language and learning the vocabulary so that learners may translate the language in their first language and in the second language. Grammar translation method was criticized intensively in the nineteenth century because it was considered that this method cannot fulfill the demands of language learning in nineteenth century. Direct Method The direct method was the outcome of the reaction against the grammar translation method. It was based on the assumption that the learners of foreign and second language should directly think in English. This method is against the translation of written and oral text and focuses on telling the meanings of the words through action, demonstration or real objects. This method focuses on directly thinking, doing discussion and conversation in second language (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). Purwarno (2006) described the aims of the direct method. He described that direct method is an attempt and effort to form a link between thought and expression and between experience and language. Direct method was criticized due to the following reasons: Direct method is successful in private language schools because this method can be applied only in small classes where all the learners can get individual attention. In Direct method, the teachers extravagantly excel in keeping the mother tongue of the learners away from them. Direct method demands the learners to do oral communication in the second language and it also demands the pronunciation and accent to be just like the native speakers so there is need for the language school to hire the native speakers which actually can be very expensive. The success of the direct method depends on the teachers skills and personality more than on the methodology (Richards and Rodgers, 1986). Structural Approach The structural approach mainly employs the techniques of the direct method but the reading and writing skills are not wholly neglected. The structural approach is based on the sound principles of language learning. The structural approach says that the arrangement of the words in such a way as to form a suitable pattern and that pattern may make the meanings of the language clear to us. Any language has its own structure and skeleton which gives this language a decent appearance. A structure is a pattern and a particular arrangement of words which to indicate grammatical meanings. It may be a word, a phrase or a sentence (Gauridushi, 2011). Structural approach was criticized because it was only suitable for lower grades. Continuous teaching of structures and their repetition make the atmosphere dull and boring. It also neglected the reading and writing abilities and there was also a lack of skilled teachers (Sharma, 2011). Oral Approach/ Situational Language Teaching The oral approach is a method in which children to use whatever hearing they get from their surroundings. They also take help from the context to understand and use language. The target is to develop the skills in the individual so that he can communicate and function independently. This approach helps in the development of reading and writing skills (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). The oral approach was developed from 1930s to the 1960s by British applied linguistics such as Harold Palmer and A.S. Hornsby. The main difference between oral approach and the direct method was that the methods which were developed under this approach had theoretical principles about the selection, grading and presentation of the content and material. This sequencing of the content would lead to better learning with a good knowledge of vocabulary and grammatical patterns. In this approach all the points of language were to be presented in situations which led to the second name of the approach i.e. situational language teaching. Although, the teachers are not aware of this approach today but it had long lasting impact on language learning. However, its focus on oral practice, grammar and sentence patterns is still supported by the teachers (ibid). Audiolingual Method Audiolingual method is also known as Army Method because after the outbreak of World War II, the army soldiers decided to be proficient in the languages of their enemies. So a new learning method of foreign languages was discovered which is known as audiolingual method. This method is based on a linguistic theory and behavioral psychology. The audiolingual method was widely used in the 1950s and 1960s and the emphasis was not on the understanding of the words rather on acquisition of structures and patterns in common everyday dialogues (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). The teaching of the oral skills with accurate pronunciation, grammar and the ability to respond quickly and accurately is the main objective of audiolingual method. Reading and writing skills may be taught but they are dependent on the oral skills (Richard and Rodgers, 1986). Total Physical Response In Total Physical Response (TPR), the teacher gives the students instructions and the students follow the instructions by using whole body responses. James J. Asher, a professor, of psychology at San Jose State University developed the method Total Physical Response in late 1960s to help in learning second languages (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). According to Asher (1977), TPR is based on the premise that the human brain has a biological program for acquiring any natural language on earth including the sign language of the deaf. We can see this process if we observe the language learning process of an infant. The communication between parents and the child consists of both verbal and physical aspects. When the child is not able to speak, at the time he/she is internalizing the language. This is the time when code breaking occurs. After this process the child becomes able to speak and reproduce language. In TPR, the teacher repeats the process in the class. Students respond to the commands of the teacher which require physical movement. TPR is most useful for beginners. TPR is also used for teaching students with dyslexia or related learning disabilities. Silent Way Silent way is the method of language teaching which was proposed by Caleb Gattegno. This method is based on the view that the teachers should be silent in the classroom as much as possible but the teacher must encourage the students to speak and use the language. The most important aspect of this method is its elements that are used for language teaching i.e. colored charts and colored rods (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). This method focuses on the learners to discover on their own rather than they remember or memorize something. The learners are facilitated in learning by giving them some problem to solve which involves the materials that are needed to be learnt (ibid). Communicative Language Teaching Communicative language teaching was developed in the era of revolutions in British language teaching traditions from late 1960s. Before communicative language teaching, situational language teaching was in practice in Britain for language teaching. Communicative language teaching was actually developed in the opposition of audiolingual method which focuses on drilling and memorization. Communicative language teaching focuses on developing the ability of communication in learners in real life situations. It focuses on meaning rather than accuracy (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). Natural Approach In 1977, Tracey Terrell proposed the natural approach of language teaching. This approach was influenced by Stephen Krashens theory of language acquisition. The natural approach focuses on communication as the major function of language. In this approach, language is considered as the vehicle or means of conveying a message and information. The natural approach was actually based on the observation and understanding of the acquisition of the first and the second language in informal settings (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). Task-based Language Teaching Task- based language teaching is an approach that is based on the assumption that tasks are the major unit of language learning. This approach is based on the problem solving view that the learners should be given some tasks to be solved. These tasks are related to the language structures that are required to be learnt. The learners interact and communicate with each other during solving these problems. In these way, they learn the language (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). Comparison between Grammar Translation Method and Communicative Language Teaching Grammar Translation Method Grammar translation method was first known in the United States as Prussian Method. Grammar translation method dominated European and foreign language teaching from 1840 to 1940. Characteristics of grammar translation method. According to the Richards and Rodgers (2001), the principle characteristics of Grammar Translation Method are: In Grammar Translation Method, the goal of learning a second or foreign language is mainly to be enabling to read the literature of that language and is to get benefit from intellectual development that results from foreign and second language study. Grammar Translation Method enables to learn detailed grammatical rules of target language and enables to translate into and out of the target language. In Grammar Translation Method, reading and writing skills are focused while listening and speaking skills are totally ignored. In Grammar Translation Method, the memorization of grammatical rules of foreign language and of the vocabulary items is focused. Vocabulary items are limited to the text that they are taught. Vocabulary items are memorized with the help of their meanings in the native language. In Grammar Translation Method, sentenced is the basic unit of teaching and language practice. The learners are enabled to do detailed analysis of a sentence through this method. The learners are enabled to translate a sentence into and out of the target language. In Grammar Translation Method, accuracy is emphasized rather than fluency. The basic purpose of this method used to be able to pass the written examinations. In Grammar Translation Method, grammar is taught deductively i.e. by presenting and practicing the detailed grammatical rules of target language. A syllabus of grammatical rules if followed in which rules are systematically put in to a sequence starting from the simple rules to the complex rules. In Grammar Translation Method, students are directed and instructions are given in the students native language so that they may easily understand the instructions. The students native language is used to explain new items and to enable them to compare two languages i.e. native language of the learners and foreign language. Main techniques associated with grammar translation method. There are some major techniques that are adopted in the teaching of second or foreign language through Grammar Translation Method. Translation of a literary passage. Students translate a reading passage into and out of the target language. In checking of the translation, the focus of the teacher is on vocabulary and grammatical structures. The translation may be written or spoken or both. Students should not translate idioms but must understand their meanings. Reading Comprehension Questions. A passage for reading and understanding is given to the students and they have to answer the questions given at the end of the passage in the target language. The questions are put into a sequence. The first group of questions is related with the information drawn from the passage, second group of questions require students to make inferences based on their understanding of the passage. The third group of questions requires students to relate the passage with their own experiences. Antonym and synonyms. Students are given a list of words and a passage. The students have to find out the antonyms of those words in the passage. Similarly, the students can also be given a list of words and can be asked to find out the synonyms of the given words from the passage. Deductive application of rules. Grammar rules are presented before the students with the all possible information that can be given to the students relating to the grammatical rules. The rules are also explained with examples. Once students understand a rule, they are asked to apply it for some different examples. Fill in the blanks. The students are given a series of sentences with some missing words. The students have to fill in the blanks with some suitable grammar items such a preposition and verbs with different tenses Memorization. The students are given a list of vocabulary to memorize them with their meaning in the native language. Students are also required to memorize the grammatical rules. Use words in sentences. In order to check the understanding of the meaning and sue of vocabulary, the students are asked to use the list of typical words in their own sentences. Composition. The teacher gives a topic to the students to write about that topic in the target language. The topic is based on some aspect of the reading passage of the lesson (Freeman, 1986). Advantages of grammar translation method. Nazir (2002) narrated as The structure of a foreign language is best learnt when compare and contrasted with that of the mother tongue. According to Ishtiaq (2005), the Grammar Translation Method is based on a system and is in a sequence because in this method all the grammatical rules are arranged into a sequence for the convenience of the students. This sequence starts from the simple rules and eventually leads to the complex rules. When a book is written by an author on grammatical rules keeping in view the sequence, he writes one lesson that is completely based on one rule of grammar. Each lesson is divided into certain rules and these rules dominate the lesson. Larson (1986) narrated importance of Grammar Translation Method as in Grammar Translation Method, students are made to learn new words. Therefore, this method helps in improving vocabulary. Reading and writing are the two primary skills that are developed most so as to enable the students to read the literature in target language. Grammar is taught deductively and it makes use of students mother language. Disadvantages of grammar translation method. Neilson (2003) stated that in Grammar Translation Method, oral skills i.e. speaking and listening skills are totally neglected while the whole attention is given to just reading and writing skills. Through this method, the students become able to read the literature of the target language by translating it into their native language but cannot communicate into the target language and even cannot understand the target language spoken by any native speaker. In Grammar Translation Method, the authority of the classroom is totally in the hands of the teacher and teacher is at the centre of the classroom. The communication is just from teachers to students not from student to teacher and not even from students to students. The students are considered empty minded which have needed to be filled with all the possible vocabulary and grammatical structures that can be filled in their minds (ibid). The main disadvantage of the Grammar Translation Method is that it is almost impossible to translate all the phrases and sentences into the target language because the main focus is the translation of this method so such students who have been taught through this method become fail to communicate well in the target language (ibid). In the Grammar Translation Method, accuracy is emphasized rather than fluency and students go on thinking to accurate the grammatical rules which actually hinder their fluency. In Grammar Translation Method, the teacher abruptly interferes and stops the students wherever they make the mistakes so they become conscious while speaking and communicating in the target language and become unable to be fluent (ibid). Criticism of the grammar translation method. There have been various criticisms on the use of Grammar Translation Method for the teaching of modern language particularly English. There are some objections that have been put on the Grammar Translation Method. Grammar Translation Method emphasizes on the reading and writing skills on the expense of listening and speaking skills. But learning the listening and speaking skills of a language is more important than leaning reading and writing skills because it is a natural way of learning a language. In Grammar Translation Method, writing gives learners a reflective chance to look at their writing that whether they have written correct spellings, vocabulary and grammatical rules. The main aim and goal of most of the learners in learning modern languages is not just to develop reading and writing skills whereas they want to communicate well and understand the native speakers language. Grammar Translation Method demands the arrangement of the grammatical rules in a structure starting from the simple rules and leading to the complex rules. While most of the learners especially adult learners want to start using the language straight way because they have not got time to learn all the grammatical rules one by one and start using them after then. Grammar Translation Method emphasizes to make the students learn each rule and practice it one by one and after commanding a rule move to the next one. So there remains the need to revise all the rules again and again so that they may not get washed out of the learners mind. In Grammar Translation Method, sentence is the basic unit of the language. The learners are made able to memorize certain rules of grammar and certain vocabulary which they have to fit everywhere they find a chance to use them. But if learners find some unusual situation they become unable to fit their memorized rules to fit in that situation. In Grammar Translation Method, grammatical rules and vocabulary is memorized in modern ways of teaching a language memorization is not regarded while exposure of a language, experience and use of language is preferred and recommended. People have different learning styles. Some people like to learn vocabulary, grammar rules, phrase and sentences through memorization. But when they have to sue them, they must have time to stop and recall the memorized items. In Grammar Translation Method, the focus of the learners is the manipulation of the grammatical rules and words to write correct sentences with prescribed content. But in learning the modern languages, it is recommended that the major focus should be more and more on the oral practice and expression of the personal meanings. The expression of the personal meanings may spoil the structure of the grammar rules and sentences. In Grammar Translation Method, the teachers and the learners mostly speak in their first language or native language. While it is highly recommended that use of second and target language should be maximized in learning the language but here maximization does not mean teachers and learners should all the time speak in the target language. The speaking of the second language is also advantageous because in language classrooms we may also have multilingual learners that may belong to different languages so a single language i.e. second or target language will be convenient to use without pointing a single native language. In Grammar Translation Method, teacher should explain, describe the grammatical rules, tell the meanings of the words, translate the passages, conduct grammar practices, correct mistakes and teacher should authorized the classroom and learners. But now it is highly recommended that teachers role in the class should be as a guide and facilitator. Teachers role in the language classroom should be less. Teacher should act behind the scene. Teacher should give the problems to the learners to solve, interact among each other and generally it leads the learners to be independent learners. In Grammar Translation Method, translation is the basic technique. Translation is a way of understanding the meanings of the written and oral texts by converting the texts into the first or native language of the learners. Translation is a way of comparing and contrasting two languages i.e. first language and second language. But now it is highly recommended that translation should be avoided because it leads to such a mental process which hinders or stops learning. The learners should be encouraged to speak and even think in second language as much as possible. In Grammar Translation Method, accuracy is emphasized rather than fluency but it is now highly recommended that accuracy should come at the last and fluency should preferred first. If the learners are corrected on their mistakes from the very beginning, they will become hesitant to speak in the target language. When they will start to speak, their minds will abruptly become read to look upon the grammatical rules that they are using so I this way they will become unable to be fluent in language (Jonathan, 2012).

Female Serial Killers Essay -- essays research papers

Female Serial Killers While most of the violent crimes that happens most are them are belongs to men, women have not been the wilting flowers promoted so heartily by Victorian adorers and (right or wrong) often evident in today's society. Before we get into detail about the fascinating phenomenon of the Black Widow, it is worth a brief overview of women's escalating role in the world of violent crime, particularly in the United States. Since 1970, there has been an increasing and alarming rise 138 percent of violent crimes committed by women. Still, while the equivalent percentage compared to male violence is small 15 percent to 85 percent the fact that the numbers have elevated so drastically points to something changing in society. Sociologists try to explain it, so do criminologists, theologizes, politicians and world historians, but the resulting message is clear, and that message is that females are not alien to committing violent acts. In recent years, women have committed some of the most heinous crimes. Darlie Routier killed her two sons for reasons blamed on personal economics. Diane Downs killed one of her three children (she tried to kill all of them) in order to win back a lover who didn't want kids. Susan Smith drowned her boys in a neighborhood lake because her boyfriend did not want the responsibility of raising some other man's children. Karla Homolka and husband Paul Bernardo sexually assaulted, tortured and killed several young women for thrills. There a...

Nelson Mandela a Transformation Leader

Nelson Mandela A Transformation Leader This week we are asked to discuss a prominent leader that we admire, Nelson Mandela was an easy choice for me. An effective leader according to the text is â€Å"someone who works with, motivates, and helps followers to attain their common organizational goals† (Weiss, 2011, p. 234). This definition is true of Mandela and his transformational leadership style has impacted his followers and the people around him. I think he is a transformational leader that many leaders should inspire to become more like.Mandela used his ethical, charismatic, authority to inspire his nation to change and exemplifies transformational leadership. The four characteristics of a transformational leader, along with other characteristics like charisma, ethics, and being a servant are all embodied in the leadership of Mandela and make him a true inspiration. A transformational leader according to the text â€Å"influence, inspire move and latterly transform follo wers to achieve organizational goals beyond their self interest’(Weiss, 2011, p. 1). Nelson Mandela freed South Africa from the system of racism and violent prejudice to help the whole nation. He often said that â€Å"Courage is not the absence of fear–it's inspiring others to move beyond it†(Stengel, 2008, par. 5). This is one of the major components of a transformational leader, the ability to inspire others. He used his inspirational motivation to focus efforts and unite the entire nation. Nelson spent his life being the role model he wanted others to follow.When he got out of jail he included the people he despised such as his jailers and the people that imprisoned him in his cabinet because he knows the importance of elevating others. One article stated that Mandela did this because â€Å" leadership is not about helping those who already love you to love you more – it’s about convincing those who doubt you that you can be trusted† (Bar ling, 2010, p. 3). This is the example of idealized influence that Mandela used to be a transformational leader. He also gave individualized consideration to the people that he leads.Mandela was a very hands on leader, he took the time to learn the Afrikaans language so he could communicate with them. According to Stengel â€Å"  By speaking his opponents' language, he might understand their strengths and weaknesses and formulate tactics accordingly. But he would also be ingratiating himself with his enemy† (2008, par. 18). Nelson would attend funerals and call people on there birthdays. In using the personal approach with his followers he demonstrated the characteristics of individualized consideration in transformational leadership.He also has the last characteristic of a transformational leader, intellectual simulation. Mandela helped people even while he was imprison. He encouraged the other prisoners to educate themselves. He also helped to push the freedom charter. Ma ndela shared his knowledge and while he was in prison he would also use his education as a lawyer to help the warders with their legal problems. Mandela used his leadership style to bring changes to his country even at the expense of his freedom. Mandela also demonstrates the qualities of a servant leader.From the very beginning he had one goal of uniting both white and black Africans for the good of the nation, Nelson’s primary goal was helping others. He also was a good listener and would often be the last one to speak in conferences he had with his cabinet, he knew that letting other people think they were leading was often the best way to go. He inspired others through trust when he allowed the same people that imprisoned him to be a part of his presidency. He worked towards feasible goals and when he realized it was not feasible he let it go.For example Nelson wanted to change the voting age to fourteen but when he realized that he did not have support he let the issue g o knowing it would just be a waste of time. Mandela always helped people, even in jail he helped wardens and other inmates. Nelson used his knowledge to help people and never expected anything in return. Another great characteristic was he is authentic, what you see is what you get. Nelson Mandel is a transformational leader with ethical, charismatic, and servant characteristics that helped change a nation with a leadership style that was selfless and committed.He is the example of a leader that I would strive to be like. Having a charismatic, ethical image has helped him reach goals that others thought would not be possible. I would strive to be as inspiring as he has been in some of the tough situations he has faced. I think that he shows how positive a transformational leader can be for a country. References Barling, J. (2010) Transformational Leadership. Retrieved from http://www. iedp. com/Pages/DocumentManager/Transformational%20Leadership%20by%

White Collar Crimes essays

White Collar Crimes essays Many people ask what is a white-collar crime. Well in sociology its definition is any crime committed by respectable and high-status people. These crimes are basically committed in the course of one occupation. Crimes, which are considered white-collar, include embezzling, price-fixing, insider buying, fraud, falsification of expense accounts, and theft of materials. These crimes are extremely harmful to society. So if these crimes are so dangerous why are these perpetrators treated more leniently than other criminals. There are many theories behind the dramatic difference in how society responds to white-collar crimes and regular crimes. These theories range from money, the type of perpetrator, and most of all how the court of law looks at the criminal when the sentencing process takes place. When one thinks of white-collar crimes, money is the first thing that comes to mind. In fact, money is actually one of the reasons that white-collar criminals are treated more leniently. I say this because usually upper-class criminals have money and can afford the best legal advice. They also have more stable employment records, are better educated, and have important property. This is quite different compared to the common criminal, with several crimes under his or her belt. White-collar criminals are even said to suffer more than common criminals from simply undergoing prosecution. On the hand, the common criminals are more likely to lose jobs or to suffer a loss in social standing. The white-collar criminals can just pay their way back into society like nothing even happen. The next situation that is put into mind is the type of perpetrators commits these crimes. For some white-collar crime is not viewed as a crime at all, because of its non-violent nature. Violent crimes has an immediate and observable impact on its victim which raises rage of the public ...

Bmw’s Dream Factory Culture Essays

Bmw’s Dream Factory Culture Essays Bmw’s Dream Factory Culture Essay Bmw’s Dream Factory Culture Essay Title: BMW’s Dream Factory Culture Course: Leadership and Organizational Behavior According to studies, the new workers in a company sharpen and adjust to the culture in an easy and quick manner. This happens as the employees working in an organization have the feeling of team working in a manner of family (Lawton, n. d). BMW has this type of working culture, which can be pronounced as an entrepreneurial work culture. Another instance that helps in knowing that BMW has an entrepreneurial culture is from the fact that, workers joining the organization have the feeling of their own place in the team. They have a clear idea of the mission that has to be accomplished. This can be attained only if the employees in the organization work at the same level and understand each other. Thus, work culture that has been developed in a company allows and makes sure the employees work side by side and not in an extra professional hierarchy’s manner (BMW’s dream factory and culture, 2005). These are all the factors that together give surety that BMW has an entrepreneurial culture of work. Creating an entrepreneurial work culture includes various factors to be considered. These are treating people with respect, employee’s health, and open doors for communication and maintaining camaraderie (Murray, Poole and Jones, 2006). The case clearly states that the staff in an organization if work side by side, can bring in the quality of open door communication in an organization. The company offers best salaries to the employees along with health benefits that make sure of employees motivation being always high at the work. The case also narrates that every move that is decided in the company, is the result of organization’s informal networks that are formed in the company, along with many number of brain storming sessions. This states that employees in the organization have respect to each other while discussing ideas that are generated in their mind (BMW’s dream factory and culture, 2005). From the above discussion, it is also clear that the employees are given with the sense of being associates rather than just employees. No member of the staff is seen from the perspective of cost, but an essential factor for the company’s successful performance. The company also believes in maintaining trust with and over the employees. Thus, it is clear that BMW has associate leadership model (Sense of Purpose, n. d). This type of leadership management followed in the company helps in maintaining cordial relationship and collaboration between the management and work force of the company. The associates in the organization are realized about the responsibility that has to be shared by all, along with other qualities such as flexibility and self-organization. The main motive of the company is to maintain culture of trust that promotes cooperation and responsibility (Murray, Poole and Jones, 2006). This type of model of leadership which is followed by the company makes sure that employees themselves start believing in high performance and create flexibility in their way of working. This strategy helps in striking balance between the interest of employees and employers. BMW, at the same time, has the best payment packages in the market that makes the factor of management of labor quiet necessary which is possible with the help of this leadership model only. Associate leadership model is one of the most effective models for management of expensive labor (BMW’s dream factory and culture, 2005). BMW has made it sure that free communication takes place in the company that allows movement of idea from one place to another that further takes places of brain storming. This ensures that there are best ideas selected in the company and best cars are made in company. Employees are considered as a family and part of the company thereby making them realize their importance to the company that is shared by them (Armstrong, 2003). The case mentions that after the usage of these techniques in the company, there has been noticed around thirty-five percent of increase in the productivity and the turnover was measured about 90 percent in all the divisions that used this program. The job satisfaction in these branches also rose to ten percent. In addition, the team scores rose to 13 percent (BMW’s dream factory and culture, 2005). The company is a strict believer of creativity, which can be judged from the fact of brain storming sessions which takes place in the company before taking any decision for the company. This is one of the factors that help in bringing the feeling of cooperation among the employees further helping in building better team. On the other hand, the company also follows open door communication which clearly states that there is a free passage for ideas within the organization. This proves the efficiency that that company can attain in the near future. The mentioned two factors help organizations in not only taking decisions, but also generate voluntary idea, where number of employees come to a point with excellent monetarily and creative uccessful solution for the organization, to face the market problems (Sharing the wealth, listening to even the lowest-ranking workers, and rewarding risk have paid off big time, 2006). BMW also gives its employees a flexibility regarding the time of work and way to keep follow-ups with the task given to them. Hence, the employees feel it easy to express their individuality by the ideas, workspaces and dresses that lets the unique attribu tes show. The company believes in recognizing that, everyone has different qualities and these differences spark new ideas to emerge. The work culture and environment in the company emphasizes mainly on the communication factor between the employees themselves and with the management as well. The company builds the working place in such a way that, there is an optimum level of communication done within the line managers and best cars are produced in the market. The employees have the sense of freedom due to flexibility given to them at the work place, as they are free to work anywhere in the company at any time until the job gets completed successfully (BMW’s dream factory and culture, 2005). References BMW’s dream factory and culture (2005). Organizational Behavior. Cengage Learning: US. Pp. 522. Geoff Armstrong. (2003). BMW Group Plant Oxford’s. ICMRINDIA. retrieved on November 1 2009 from icmrindia. org/casestudies/catalogue/Operations/BMW%20Group%20Plant%20Oxford-New%20Oxford%20Way-NOW%20Program. htm Jennifer Lawton (n. d) Creating an Entrepreneurial Culture. Entrepreneurship. retrieved on October 31 2009 from entrepreneurship. org/creating-an-entrepreneurial-culture. html Peter Murray, David Poole, Grant Jones. 2006). Contemporary issues in management and organizational behavior. Thomson Learning Nelson:US. Pp. 395-396. Sense of Purpose. (n. d) Pursuing common goals. BMW. retrieved on October 31 2009 from bmw. co. za/products/automobiles/bmw_insights/sense. asp Sharing the wealth, listening to even the lowest-ranking workers, and rewarding risk have paid off big time. (2006). BMWs Dream Factory. BusinessWeek. Retrieved on October 31 2009 from busine ssweek. com/magazine/content/06_42/b4005072. htm? chan=innovati

Angelas ashes essay Essays

Angelas ashes essay Essays Angelas ashes essay Essay Angelas ashes essay Essay Among those who the family looks to for help in Aunt Aggie, the miserly sister of Franks mother, Angela. Aunt Aggie, like many of the family members and neighbors we meet in the book, becomes a parent-like figure to young Frankie and his even younger siblings, but a habitually cruel and unsympathetic one at that. Upon meeting Aggie we quickly realize that she is resentful of the McClure children, and even more so their father, Malay, for being an irresponsible father and husbands who fails to provide for his family and puts their troubles in her hands. When the Monocots move to Limerick to be close to Emily in Ireland, Aggie barks and complains about how inconvenient it is for her to have her sisters family so close by and always asking for favors (e. G. Sleeping at Grandmas for the night and having some of her porridge). At one point, when Angela becomes very ill, Frankie even says that he is afraid to ask his aunt whether or not his mother would die like his baby sister because she would bite his head off (Page 62). While in these first few chapters Aunt Aggie seems cold hearted, it doesnt take long to realize that in reality, she is jealous of Angels family, even with all their troubles. All she wants is to be blew to call these children her own, though she hardly shows it through her actions towards them. When she sees her husband, pa Keating, holding Frankers baby brother, Eugene, on his lap and playing with him Aggie begins to sob, To see Pa there with a child on his lap an me with no hope of having my own Angela with five born an one just gone an her so useless she couldnt scrub a floor an me with none an I can scrub an clean with the best and make any class of a stew or a fry (Page 73). Though Aggie never gives up her rude and unpleasant disposition, she proves her loyalty to the family by helping them through tough times. Further, while Aunt Aggie obviously never assumes the role as the mother of Frank and his siblings, inhabit maternal qualities and roles. When Eugene and Oliver, Franks younger twin brothers, die of pneumonia she is there to help prepare for the funerals. On a separate occasion, Aunt Aggie takes the McClure children under her roof and cares for them while their mother was being hospitalized for pneumonia. Prior to living with Aunt Aggie, the McClure boys and their mother were so plagued with poverty and hunger that the children had been forced to steal bread, lemonade, marmalade, and fuel from wealthier families just to survive. Aunt Aegiss house was a place where they could always be fed, though they were not indulging in the ham sandwiches and tomatoes, those were only for Aggie and Uncle Pa; instead, Frankie and his younger brothers were given thinly sliced bread and tea. Though Aunt Aggie took her sisters sons under her wing- housing them, feeding them, clothing them- in a desperate time of need, the way she treated these boys was at times traumatic. Aggie often abuses the children both verbally and physically. She losses her temper and ends up screaming at them, tormenting them, calling Frankie Scabby eyes and telling him [Youre] he spitting image of your father, [you have] the odd manner And so on (Page 247). She often beats them, forces them to stand outside naked, cold, and wet, makes them to scrub their bodies until their skin is raw. At one point, Frankie becomes so miserable that he tries to give himself pneumonia so that he can escape Aunt Aggie and live in the hospital. Malay runs away after being beaten for asking for bread, to which Aggie responded Well, I suppose he ran away. Good riddance. If he was hungry hed be here. Let him find comfort in a ditch. (Page 248). In a shocking turn of events, Aunt Aggie begins to show a real soft side award Frankie when he asks to move back in with her so that could better maintain a job as a telegram boy. He says he wants the job so that he can get on his feet and find a decent place for his family to live where he can care for his mother and brothers. Aggie responds by saying Well, thats more than your father would do. (Page 308). Aggie then proceeds to accompany Frank on his walk to the job interview, she buys him new and more presentable clothes that he can wear for the job, and gives him money for a birthday snack. Believe that Aunt Aegiss change of heart comes from the fact that he realized Frankers determination at such a young age to do better than his father; Frank wished to work and provide for his family rather than spend the money selfishly and rely on others to take care of his family for him. Frank Monocots Angels Ashes sheds a light on family values through multiple lenses, however believe the relationship between Aunt Aggie, Frank, and the other Monocots exemplifies the idea that family, at times, is truly all you have to count on, especially in times of hardship. Aunt Aggie, who seemed cold-hearted throughout almost the entire book, was really just tired f being taken advantage of by fault of Malay Sir. Who habitually dragged his family deeper and deeper into poverty, and forced them to live off the resources of Aunt Aggie, along with other family members and neighbors. While her resentment of Malay does not in any way justify the way she treated the children prior to their ability to work and at least partially provide for themselves, her cruel attitude Stems not from hatred Of the children, but jealousy for having a big family, bitterness that she has to take care of children who she cannot call her own, and fear of being taken advantage of.

The Example of How Humans Have Fallen into the Pattern of Elucidation Research Paper

The Example of How Humans Have Fallen into the Pattern of Elucidation and War - Research Paper Example Looking at the complicity of the churches, we see that from several different perspectives from a religion and culture student that, even with careful, honest and sensitive approaches, the role of the church in the genocide is still evident. One of the bases on which the latter can be approached is from a cultural view. Despite the fact that the two major ethnic groups were getting along well before the colonialists and missionaries in terms of the cultures and their ways of life, the influence of priests in the uproar of genocide is evident. An example of the above is that during the times, the priests presented themselves as ethnic-based which was one of the major catalysts for the genocide. In addition, the churches at that time allowed the priests to preach ethnic-hatred to the people. Some of the sources also say that the nuns and the nuns and the priests were also involved in the killing of the Tutsis. One of the hardest things to determine with regard to this issue is whether the leaders of the Roman Catholic and Anglican church leaders were informed about the issue and whether they got involved or simply decided to ignore the issue. With the views that have been expressed about the role of the church, one of the things that   I can establish as a religious student is that the clergy did not follow what they preach. A conclusion about the role that the church played in the genocide can be easily arrived at that, looking at the way that the course stood by the values that it preached before the genocide and what they preached towards the genocide, there must have been some political influence.

Analyse the external marketing environment &consumer buyer behaviour Coursework

Analyse the external marketing environment &consumer buyer behaviour - Coursework Example In addition, the level of ‘supply and demand’ (Hisrich, 2000, p.16) in a market denotes the market’s economic potentials, thus it is considered as a factor that can influence the market’s economic environment. In regard to the promotion of iPhone 6 in China the country’s economic environment needs to be checked in order to decide whether Chinese consumers would be able to pay for the specific product or not. As for the technological environment, this refers to the ‘means used for transforming materials into goods and services’ (Sahaf 2008, p.57). In other words, in each country the technological environment denotes the country’s performance in regard to manufacturing and services (Lancaster and Reynolds 2005). The technological environment of China would be checked when developing the marketing plan for iPhone 6; indeed, in a market where products of advanced technology are highly appreciated the chances of iPhone to achieve high sales would be more, as also explained in the next section. The economic environment can highly impact the sales of iPhone 6. The influence of economic environment on the particular product would have the following form: a) in regard to local economic environment: in case of the increase of unemployment, as related to the decrease of the income, people in China would face difficulties in buying this product (West et al. 2010); also, if inflation across the country is increased then the prices of products would follow a similar path. In this case, consumers could decide that they do not want to pay a significantly high price for the particular product (West et al.2010), b) in regard to the global economic environment: the increase of turbulences in global markets or the possible appearance of a strong financial crisis at international level could make Chinese consumers less willing to pay for products of high technology, such as the iPhone 6. In fact, in the above case, their priorities in regard to the goods

Answer questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Answer questions - Assignment Example Starting a project requires definition of what the project is required to accomplish. A project starts with an idea them the vision that must be associated with the vision of the business. Project charter acts as the starting point where it established the foundation of the project. This must include the business needs and the deliverables to be executed. All the stipulations must be tied up to roles and responsibilities of the project development team. Human and material resources must be well defined (Goldratt, 1997). Often, an organization must put more efforts in estimation of the cost of the project in the chartering stage. The risks affecting the projects are also considered and their effects to the duration and cost of the project evaluated. The benefits and cost estimates must be supported using consistent approaches which provide realistic estimates for both costs and benefits. The establishment of the vision of a project in accordance with the project charter facilitates the success of the project. The project charter must corresponds to the business case put across to demonstrate that the project is viable and will assist in achieving the financial, employee and customer goals. The project chartering phase allows for establishment of an effective process that identifies and resolves various issues and actions that arise during the project development process. The chartering process forms the first step in execution of Lean project (Leach & Lawrence, 2005). Getting the sponsors and management to sign is normally difficult. Only one person is required in championing the project and passing it around. A good charter must be in a position to offer a written documentation that efficiently approves the launch and the requests of the efforts in project planning. Furthermore, the documentation of the project charter allows for collaboration of the major stakeholders and improves the deliverables. This must fairly represent the views of major

Reflective paper on communication within groups Essay

Reflective paper on communication within groups - Essay Example eds emphasis in the whole ball game of business undertaking is to be effective yet useful at the same time, without making use of the resources in an abundant capacity. This means that resources stand as a problem in the wake of an organization trying to achieve its goal in the way of meeting its objectives. These objectives could both be short term as well as long term – both looking to stabilize the working capital of the organization and its different tenets. To be effective within a business communication setting, there is a need to have proper and sound policies when it comes to e-mail communication, cross cultural exchange and lastly correct usage of diversification within an organization. E-mails that are sent out in an organization need to be written and sent in a manner which could easily be read and understood by the right mix of audiences that work within an organization. This means that the language used should be readable and easy to interpret. Any organization wo uld dearly want to have employees who could make out from a variety of different Internet languages, which also brings to light the notion of understanding and comprehending the ‘net lingo’ – the mix of informal Internet language and the common, daily use terms like ‘hey’, ‘u’, ‘f9’ and so on. There are definitely some guidelines attached with the smooth interaction and transfer of cross-cultural issues but they are hard to come by and even harder to implement at the work place, more so if the employees are not that comfortable with the same. Cross cultural awareness is increased within the companies and its people through effective managers who can bridge the gap between them culturally and socially. It is adopted through extremely viable work styles, cultures and practices within the office work place. Productive relationships between employees result in a better understanding of the business in general and amongst the cross-cultural factions in general. A successful

The New Deal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The New Deal - Essay Example The governments before Roosevelt believed that the people should stick with and support the state through tough and bad times. In that context Franklin D Roosevelt set a new precedent by holding that it is the state that should come to the rescue of the masses in times marred by economic downturn and the subsequent issues and difficulties, supported by his â€Å"conception of government power as a force to be utilized aggressively.†1 It goes without saying that Franklin D Roosevelt was not alone in determining the broader framework of the New Deal, but rather he was advised and supported by an array of academic scholars and liberal experts, who were referred to as the ‘brain trust’. The purpose of coming out with the New Deal was to chart out the best course of action for the nation struggling with widespread economic downturn. Hence, the first hundred days of Franklin D Roosevelt’s ascendency saw the initiation of an array of bills aimed at resuscitating t he economy by reducing poverty, curtailing the rate of unemployment and to assure a speedy recovery of the economy that was down and sick. In that context it is totally true to claim that the New Deal did a lot in putting the American economy back on the track by correcting the systemic problems marring the economy and by curing the attendant flaws and anomalies. Before delving on the beneficial impacts of the New Deal on the American economy, it is utterly relevant to consider the ailments that were imminent on the American economy before the New Deal came into existence. Before the New Deal was initiated, people all across America were under the sway of a depression ridden economy and were facing a range of issues and problems. By 1929, the American economy was suffering from a state of Depression that was marked by a dearth of money in the economy and a very high rate of unemployment. The fall of the stock markets helped this state of economic downturn graduate to what is popular ly known as the Great Depression. The citizens who had invested in the stock markets not only lost their investments, but also ended up being in a state of dearth and unemployment. With the loss of their investments, people found it totally impossible to pay their personal bills and bank loans. Moreover, the Great Depression also badly influenced the nation’s banks and financial institutions. With the banks closing their doors, people lost most of their savings. With the inability of the masses to invest in the economy and not being in a position to purchase goods and services, the businesses also got sick and consequently many businesses had to shut down owing to a dearth of revenue and capital. Thereby, President Franklin D Roosevelt was quiet aware of the fact that he was being elected in an economic scenario that was bleak and depressing and that the people expected him to come out with measures that could resuscitate the economy and bring the things back on the track. He nce, the New Deal contrived by the Roosevelt government was a direct response to the expectations and aspirations of the masses and it did a lot to rescue the depression ridden national economy because, â€Å"during the campaign he had preached that the Federal government would have to assume an unprecedented role in delivering relief to the destitute and stern discipline to the business community†¦. â€Å" 2 It is a fact that during the Great Depression, the citizens had not only lost the

Derivatives and Foreign Exchange Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Derivatives and Foreign Exchange - Term Paper Example Within the financial context, derivatives include several financial contracts such as the swaps, futures, options, forwards, and; variations i.e., floors, caps, credit default swaps, and collars. Quite a number of derivatives are marketed via the off-exchange (over-the-counter) or through exchanges i.e., the Chicago Mercantile Exchanges, even though a number of insurance contracts have adopted the use of separate industry (Moffett, Stone-hill, & Eiteman, 2009). Financial Exposure Risks a) Economic Exposure Economic risks or operation exposure are experienced by any business organization when its targeted market’s value has been completely influenced by any unexpected exchange rates’ fluctuations, which have the impact of severely influencing negatively the market position/share with respect to its active competitors (Moffet, Stone-hill, & Eiteman, 2009). With this happening, the organization’s future cash flows and values are also affected. Therefore, transaction s exposing any organizations of firms to certain foreign exchange risks have additional potential exposure risks to the economical performance, as can be caused by any other business involvements, i.e., future cash flows from the available fixed assets. Hence, it can be concluded that a shift in the exchange rates that influences the demands for goods in some region or countries can as well be considered as an economic exposure for firms that sell that particular type of products. b) Transaction Exposure This occurs whenever a company has any payables and receivables, or contractual cash flow with any value subjected to unanticipated alterations within the exchange rates as a result of contracts being denominated in foreign currencies. To react to this change and for the company to ensure realization for its domestic values of its foreign-denominated cash flows, it has to effectively conduct an exchange of foreign currencies for the domestic types of currencies. Therefore, the proce ss of immense negotiation contracts with the laid down prices and delivery dates in the face of a volatile foreign exchange market with exchange rates that are in a constant rate of fluctuations, such institutions are bound to face risks of changes in the exchange rates between the foreign and domestic currencies. c) Contingent Exposure Firms do face contingent exposures whenever they are in the processes of bidding for foreign projects, or while making negotiations for other contracts and/or foreign direct investments. Contingent exposure therefore steps in from the potentials of the firms to abruptly undergo the economic foreign exchange or transactional risks. d) Translation Exposure A translation exposure is an extent to which firms’ financial reporting are affected by the exchange rates’ movements. This is brought about by the fact that all firms are bound to come up with their consolidated financial statements for their reporting reasons, the consolidation proces s for the multinationals have to take into account the translation of foreign assets and liabilities or the stated financial reporting of foreign subsidiaries for the foreign to domestic currencies (Levi, 2005). Although such exposures may not be of

Reflective paper on communication within groups Essay

Reflective paper on communication within groups - Essay Example eds emphasis in the whole ball game of business undertaking is to be effective yet useful at the same time, without making use of the resources in an abundant capacity. This means that resources stand as a problem in the wake of an organization trying to achieve its goal in the way of meeting its objectives. These objectives could both be short term as well as long term – both looking to stabilize the working capital of the organization and its different tenets. To be effective within a business communication setting, there is a need to have proper and sound policies when it comes to e-mail communication, cross cultural exchange and lastly correct usage of diversification within an organization. E-mails that are sent out in an organization need to be written and sent in a manner which could easily be read and understood by the right mix of audiences that work within an organization. This means that the language used should be readable and easy to interpret. Any organization wo uld dearly want to have employees who could make out from a variety of different Internet languages, which also brings to light the notion of understanding and comprehending the ‘net lingo’ – the mix of informal Internet language and the common, daily use terms like ‘hey’, ‘u’, ‘f9’ and so on. There are definitely some guidelines attached with the smooth interaction and transfer of cross-cultural issues but they are hard to come by and even harder to implement at the work place, more so if the employees are not that comfortable with the same. Cross cultural awareness is increased within the companies and its people through effective managers who can bridge the gap between them culturally and socially. It is adopted through extremely viable work styles, cultures and practices within the office work place. Productive relationships between employees result in a better understanding of the business in general and amongst the cross-cultural factions in general. A successful

Derivatives and Foreign Exchange Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Derivatives and Foreign Exchange - Term Paper Example Within the financial context, derivatives include several financial contracts such as the swaps, futures, options, forwards, and; variations i.e., floors, caps, credit default swaps, and collars. Quite a number of derivatives are marketed via the off-exchange (over-the-counter) or through exchanges i.e., the Chicago Mercantile Exchanges, even though a number of insurance contracts have adopted the use of separate industry (Moffett, Stone-hill, & Eiteman, 2009). Financial Exposure Risks a) Economic Exposure Economic risks or operation exposure are experienced by any business organization when its targeted market’s value has been completely influenced by any unexpected exchange rates’ fluctuations, which have the impact of severely influencing negatively the market position/share with respect to its active competitors (Moffet, Stone-hill, & Eiteman, 2009). With this happening, the organization’s future cash flows and values are also affected. Therefore, transaction s exposing any organizations of firms to certain foreign exchange risks have additional potential exposure risks to the economical performance, as can be caused by any other business involvements, i.e., future cash flows from the available fixed assets. Hence, it can be concluded that a shift in the exchange rates that influences the demands for goods in some region or countries can as well be considered as an economic exposure for firms that sell that particular type of products. b) Transaction Exposure This occurs whenever a company has any payables and receivables, or contractual cash flow with any value subjected to unanticipated alterations within the exchange rates as a result of contracts being denominated in foreign currencies. To react to this change and for the company to ensure realization for its domestic values of its foreign-denominated cash flows, it has to effectively conduct an exchange of foreign currencies for the domestic types of currencies. Therefore, the proce ss of immense negotiation contracts with the laid down prices and delivery dates in the face of a volatile foreign exchange market with exchange rates that are in a constant rate of fluctuations, such institutions are bound to face risks of changes in the exchange rates between the foreign and domestic currencies. c) Contingent Exposure Firms do face contingent exposures whenever they are in the processes of bidding for foreign projects, or while making negotiations for other contracts and/or foreign direct investments. Contingent exposure therefore steps in from the potentials of the firms to abruptly undergo the economic foreign exchange or transactional risks. d) Translation Exposure A translation exposure is an extent to which firms’ financial reporting are affected by the exchange rates’ movements. This is brought about by the fact that all firms are bound to come up with their consolidated financial statements for their reporting reasons, the consolidation proces s for the multinationals have to take into account the translation of foreign assets and liabilities or the stated financial reporting of foreign subsidiaries for the foreign to domestic currencies (Levi, 2005). Although such exposures may not be of

Gobi Fund Essay Example for Free

Gobi Fund Essay Why is it difficult to establish a new fund? Why is track record so important in fund raising? The main concern is to convince the investors to invest their money in Gobi. Therefore, it is necessary to raise a rational-sized fund. To raise a new fund is not an easy thing to do as everything including the fund structure, team, approach, LP base, and amount of capital have to be defined appropriately. The general partners also need to contribute their own money in order to convince the investors to invest together with them. The track record is very important in fund raising because if Gobi has a good track record, more investors will be interested to invest in it. Q2. Prepare a SWOT analysis for Gobi Fund II proposal in the context of venture capital fundraising. Gobi operates in an area where there is a lot of pent up demand (IT and digital media). * Gobi can acts like a bridge for western LPs to invest in Chinese companies. It is difficult to raise a new fund and if Gobi do not really have a good track record, it will become harder to gain the investors trust in order to raise the new funds. May have the advantage in acquiring a higher return from investment in the IT and media market since they already invest in that industry during the early stage. Meaning that they already have the experiences in investing in IT industry, therefore, may not become a problem to earn a high return. What are the keys to raising the second fund and how large should it be? There is no definite answer in this question as they could be changing depends on the situations. The planning horizons may take between 7 to 10 years or maybe longer than that because of a lack of infrastructure and development in the industry. The fund size may be between $100 million to $200 million allowing around $2 million to $5 million for each company. The subsequent funds should be of similar size or larger as the industry grows. Gobi wants the first close at $75 million. The key is whether to include more financial LPs or not. Q4. From the perspective of a potential LP, what are your choices when funding international focused VC funds? Would you fund Gobi? Gobi has never exited from an investment before, and there is high level of risks involved in the development of early stage IT companies as well as huge risks that may impede company development and growth. However, Gobi operates in an area where there is a lot of pent up demand (IT and digital media) and Gobi can acts like a bridge for western LPs to invest in Chinese companies. It may be a good choice to invest in it if it offers a rational return considerate with the level of high risks involved.

Internet The Prevalence Of On Line Grooming Media Essay

Internet The Prevalence Of On Line Grooming Media Essay The purpose of this short, provocative piece is to purport to the reader that whilst the Internet presents itself as a rich source of information, it also has the propensity to produce various dangers due to the nature of communication and identity construction embedded within the World Wide Web. Following Kapousiss (2010) conception of violence as a tool (Kapousis, 2010), I posit that the Internet is also a tool which deviant individuals are able to exploit through the construction of multiple identities and personas in an attempt to satisfy deviant fantasies whilst retaining their anonymity. My illustrative example of such dangers is the recent proliferation of the sexual on-line grooming of children. THE INTERNET AND THE NETWORK SOCIETY Without question, the Internet is a social phenomenon. The advances in technological systems which have made its emergence possible are the result of social production, and social production is culturally informed (Castells, 2001a: p. 36). The Internet has, in recent years, become the fabric of our lives, (ibid, p. 1) for work, for personal connection, for social networking, for information, for entertainment, for public services, for politics, and for religion (Castells, 2010: p. 64); as a result, it is becoming an integral tool of commerce, communication, and popular culture (Brignall III and Van Valey, 2005). However, despite its universality, a body of literature has emerged criticising the Internet for the de-humanisation of social relationships (Slouka, 1995; Kraut et al., 1998), media reports have linked it with increasing levels of loneliness, depression, and social isolation (McKenna and Bargh, 2000), whilst technopessimists have suggested that the Internet is endowed with t he capability to end civilisations, cultures, interests, and ethics (Berson, 2003: p. 6). Some commentators, however, have adopted a more optimistic standpoint and have defended the Internet arguing that through the performance of roles and construction of on-line identities users create a feeling of community (Rheingold, 1993; Turkle, 1995; also see Young, 2008). For the purposes of this paper, I will present the Internet as neither negative nor positive, but rather, as inanimate, a tool which entails various uses (Brignall III and Van Valey, 2005; Shannon, 2008; see also Kapousis, 2010). This position also mirrors that taken by Castells (2010) who suggests that both consumers and producers utilise the Internet as a tool through producers providing content and shaping the web (op cit, p. 382). The Internet forms part of a much larger, significant social change which has occurred over the past three decades the emergence of the network society (Castells, 2001a, 2009, 2010; van Dijk, 2006 Hardt and Negri, 2000). It is beyond the scope of this short paper to provide a comprehensive, all-embracing analysis of the network society and all of its components, therefore the emphasis will be positioned upon the changes which have occurred in communicatory practices. The network society emphasises the form and organisation of information processing and exchange, in this sense, we may define the network society as a social formation with an infrastructure of social and media networks enabling its prime mode of organisation at all levels (individual, group/organisational and societal) (van Dijk, 2006: p. 20). It is important to note that in Western societies the individual is increasingly becoming the basic unit of the network society, whereas in Eastern societies the basic unit remai ns to be groups such as the family, community, or work team (ibid, 2006). Within this paradigm the Internet can be defined as an integrated network (Castells, 2010; van Dijk, 2006). It is an integration of both data communication and mass communication (van Dijk, 2006), particularly since the emergence of the World Wide Web, which through an explosion of web pages created by organisations, companies, institutions, and user-created content (i.e. blogs, forums, bulletin-board systems (BBS), and non-profit sites such as Wikipedia.org), which has resulted in the mass communicative character of the Internet becoming increasingly visible (ibid, 2006). Consequently, the Internet has become a medium through which communication is mediated on a daily basis. However, the Internet does not replace existing forms of communication but, rather, it supplements them. In this sense, the Internet adds new forms of social capital to traditional ones, these forms may include selecting and contacting complete strangers with particular characteristics, types of online conversat ion, and the initiative to act both on-line and offline (ibid, p. 169). This is evident in a study undertaken by Katz and Rice (2002) which found that more than a tenth of Americans had established on-line friendships. Similarly, they found that over ten per cent initiated offline contact of which a significant majority (85%) described positive experiences (Katz and Rice, 2002). IDENTITY ON THE INTERNET Let me now turn to the issue of identity, particularly identity which is mediated and constructed over the Internet. My suggestion here, is, that the Internet functions as a gateway through which social beings are increasingly enabled to present themselves as they desire (Heyboer, 2007). Thus, any dangers which may result from the construction of anonymous identities which currently exist on the Internet are dependent upon the individuals application of the technology, in this sense, the Internet is a tool (Brignall III and Van Valey, 2005; Shannon, 2008; Kapousis, 2010). The construction of multiple identities, however, is not a new phenomenon. Writing more than half a century ago, Erving Goffman (1990/1959) suggested that individuals create various faces or masks which are applied depending upon the specific social arrangement. The subsequent experiences which the individual encounters help shape their reality and thus forms who they are. As Goffman (1959) suggests: In a sense, and in so far as this mask represents the conception we have formed of ourselves the role we are striving to live up to-this mask is our truer self, the self we would like to be. In the end, our conception of our role becomes second nature and an integral part of our personality. We come into the world as individuals, achieve character, and become persons (p.19) Despite the time period in which Goffman (1959) was writing, and that the identity construction he was theorising primarily occurred in face-to-face interactions, his insights are of high importance in relation to identity construction on the Internet. Of course, a central objection to the notion of self-presentation on the Internet is the importance Goffman places upon the physical setting of interactions, here the setting involves furniture, dà ©cor, physical layout, and other background items which supply the scenery and stage props for the spate of human action played out before, within, or upon it (ibid, pp. 32 33). However, applying the example of social network sites (SNSs) such as Facebook and MySpace, we can posit, albeit hypothetically, that the furniture is replaced by buttons and applications, the dà ©cor replaced by profile pages with varying designs (particularly for MySpace), the physical layout replaced by (in Facebook), communities and so forth, and stage props ma y include the instant chat function or messaging system which are embedded within the wider virtual social environment created by SNSs. Thus, it is possible to suggest that the presentation of self has become virtualised. An example of such virtualisation is present in the about me sections constructed within peoples profile pages. In doing so, users are indulging in a presentation of self whereby they paint a succinct picture of their persona, their self, as they desire; however, it is important to note that such personas may be exaggerated or completely constructed. The following quote, extracted from an about me section on social networking site Vampire Freaks tailored for gothic and industrial culture -, provides an eloquent example of such actions: Im a fucking human bitch! Im an epic nerd. I have no life. Im awesome and Im just that arrogant to admit it. Im also a vegetarian because eating animals is rude, would you go into someones house and slaughter there family because youre hungry? I dont think so. I like cute scene guys who make me smile 🙂 I love to tease my hair and draw my makeup wild. dont like it? I suggest you get off my profile now. I like to get drunk and piss on people, then blame it on the booze 😉 (16-year-old girl from Vancouver) Here, a unique form of self-presentation is present. We learn that the person is vegetarian, heterosexual, and abides to arguably widespread teen culture through the consumption of drugs and alcohol without any form of engagement with the actual person, be it virtual, face-to-face, or otherwise. Two studies have demonstrated the prevalence, amongst children and teens, of identity construction on-line. The first, conducted in 2001, found that 24 per cent of teens (12 17 years-old) who have used IMs (instant messaging) and email or attended chat rooms have constructed a false identity when communicating on-line (Lenhart et al., 2001), this finding was replicated in the second study, undertaken in 2005, which found that 40 per cent of minors (6 17 years-old) indulged in identity play on-line (Livingstone and Bober, 2005). Importantly, a third of teens (33%) reported receiving emails and instant messages off somebody who provided fake information about themselves (Lenhart et al., 2001) and 31 per cent reported receiving unwanted sexual messages (Livingstone and Bober, 2005). The findings which have emerged from these studies suggest that at the core of children and other youths use of the Internet is the formation of a culture in which minors are functioning as active social agents and consciously constructing identities on the Internet. Such actions increase the risk of victimisation considerably, the following section will consider the consequences of identity construction in relation to the on-line grooming of children and minors. WANNA CYBER =P? THE INTERNET AND ONLINE GROOMING Over the past decade, as a result of significant social changes in communicatory practices and the growth in electronic media used to supplement traditional forms of interaction amongst young people, Internet use amongst children and teenagers has grown exponentially. Reports suggest that a considerable number of children and young people (9 17 years-old) now access the Internet (74% at home, 92% at school) on a regular basis (41% daily, 42% weekly) (Livingstone and Bober, 2005), with half of 7 16 year-olds in the United Kingdom having access in their bedrooms (ChildWise, 2010). Meanwhile, in the United States, the number of teens (12 17 years-old) going on-line has now reached 93 per cent (Lenhart et al., 2010). Due to this almost ubiquitous use and increased interaction with the Internet, children are now at a considerably greater risk of deviant individuals who hide behind the electronic cloak of deviance (Di Marco and Di Marco, 2003) the Internet provides through retaining the anonymity of an individuals identity. Such risks are evident in the increasing number of global sex crimes which are committed over the Internet, particularly against children and youths (Leander et al., 2008), with as many as three million crimes reportedly occurring in 2006 (Kierkegaard, 2007). Thus, the purpose of this section is to illuminate the sexual on-line grooming of children, an increasing phenomenon (Shannon, 2008), as an unintended consequence (Merton, 1968 [1938]) of the social changes in our communicatory practices and the influence which technology has imposed upon such changes. The sexual grooming of children is not a new phenomenon, neither is the conceptual use of the term grooming. The term has been in circulation for a considerable period of time, for the most part applied by psychologists in attempts to analyse patterns of deviant sexual behaviour (McAlinden, 2006). However, the area has suffered from a lack of academic inquiry and thus the term grooming has become increasingly ambiguous, particularly in its application (Craven et al., 2006). Nevertheless, the most reliable definition is provided by Gillespie (2002) who defines grooming as the process by which a child is befriended by a would-be abuser in an attempt to gain the childs confidence and trust, enabling them to get the child to acquiesce to abusive activity (Gillespie, 2002: p. 411). Through avoiding the use of the term paedophile, this definition provides a clarity concerning the rationale of grooming and the systematic stages such processes are most likely to take. Traditionally, the process of sexually grooming a child with the intent to abuse them would require assuming a position of trust (such as a teacher, caretaker, or lollypop man). From this, the individual would form a relationship with his/or her victim before attempting to engage in sexual activity Traditionally, the sexual grooming of children usually occurred when an adult would assume a position of trust (such as a teacher, caretaker, or lollypop man) and build a relationship with the intention to ultimately abuse the minor (Finkelhor, 1984). However, the Internet has now offered itself as an application through which like-minded individuals can far easily access such social spaces where children hang and convalesce, such as social network sites or chat rooms. As Shannon (2008) eloquently states, (the Internet) has created a new and for the most part completely unmonitored interface between children and adults (Shannon, 2008: p. 160). As has been noted, research in this area is quite limited (McAlinden, 2006; Shannon, 2008). Nevertheless, a comprehensive study conducted by Wolak et al., (2004) incorporating interviews and data from 2,574 law enforcement agencies and 129 minors (13 to 17 years-old) produced important results concerning the study of the on-line grooming of children. The authors found that whilst offenders were frequently deceptive on-line (52%), only a small proportion falsified their age by claiming to be over 18 (5%) (Wolak et al., 2004). The study also supported Livingstone and Bober (2005) and Lenhart et als (2001) findings with a considerable minority of minors (9%) claiming to be over 18 (ibid, 2004). The findings demonstrate the dangers which the Internet enables through the formation of a culture whereby children and other youths are, in some cases, presenting themselves as adults without the constraints of the physical world, it is also important to note that this may be due to the impositi on of a consumerist culture whereby children are sexualised, for example, through the provision of shirts with quotations such as pornstar, lingerie and padded bras (Hennessey, 2010). As David Cameron suggests, Girls are encouraged to dress like women, wear lingerie and worry about what they look like (Cameron, 2010 cited in ibid: unpaginated). Important findings also relate to the nature of on-line interactions, for example, in a majority of instances sexual topics were raised and discussed with the victim on-line (83%) and a considerable number engaged in cybersex (20%) (ibid, 2004). Furthermore, a majority of on-line interactions transcended into offline meetings (74%), of which a frightening proportion (93%) resulted in sexual activity between the victim and offender, it is important to note, however, that a majority of sexual activity (79%) was consensual (ibid, 2004). Wolak et als (2004) findings raise considerable concerns regarding the on-line interaction mediated by minors. It appears, on the basis of the evidence, that children, whilst technically proficient, are culturally unaware of the wide-reaching, unintended, consequences of their actions on-line through the construction of identities and interactions of a sexual nature with older adults. However, put another way, one might suggest that as half of the adult offenders were deceptive (to some extent) a considerable amount of on-line grooming was conducted through the formation of intimate relationships, a hallmark of grooming practices. Indeed, in the study, 50 per cent of victims reported feeling close or in love with their offenders (ibid, 2004). Such evidence leads one to ask the question Is the Internet dangerous, particularly for children? My response to this is that the application of the technology, by both children and adults, provides the risks of victimisation and dangers for chi ldren. Thus, it is both a social and a public policy issue that is at hand. We must educate our children about the dangers of on-line communication, ensuring that they are aware and take the appropriate steps necessary to avoid victimisation. In fact, lessons in using the Internet safely are to become a compulsory part of the curriculum for primary school children, in the United Kingdom, from September 2011 (Fildes, 2010). In conclusion, the Internet has, without doubt, fundamentally transformed the way human beings communicate on a global scale. As Castells (2010) notes the Internet has posted the fastest rate of penetration of any communication medium in history: in the United States, the radio took 30 years to reach 60 million people; TV reached this level of diffusion in 15 years; the Internet did it in just three years after the development of the World Wide Web (op cit, p. 382). It is important that whilst we view the overall changes as positive, we are also aware of the dangers that the Internet poses, especially for one of the most vulnerable cohorts of wider society our children.

An essay on man -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"An Essay on Man† by English poet Alexander Pope is a philosophical poem, which was published, in the 18th century during a historical period called the Enlightenment. A huge emphasis was placed on the ability to think and reason during the Enlightenment. People during this era reflected about a variety of topics. Some people concerned themselves with the issue of God, which consequently caused many to question the church. Others were concerned with the organization of the Universe, and man’s place within that Universe. Often times, a literary work can reflect the thoughts and feelings of the society during the period in which it was written. In â€Å"An Essay on Man,† Pope effectively illustrates the major concerns of the people during the Enlightenment when he addresses man’s ability o reason and think for himself, and speculates about man’s place in the world, as part of the â€Å"great chain of being.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ability to reason was the central focus of the Enlightenment also called â€Å"The Age of Reason.† Pop begins the poem by appealing to the logic and reason of his audience. He writes, Together let us beat this ample field,/ Try to open, what the convert yield†(lines 9-10). Pope encourages his audience to use the reason they have been given to examine those things that they have been advised against. To reason against those things that have been kept hidden to them. He is trying to bring them into the 18th century, asking the...

Tobacco and the Brain Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Tobacco and the Brain Recent surveys show that 25 % of all American adults smoke despite the fact that tobacco is the No.1 cause of death (430,000 annual) and disease in this country (1). The life of a 30-year older that smokes 15 cigarettes a day is shortened by an average of more than five years (2). Why do people smoke despite the fact that it shortens their life? Why has this practice of smoking tobacco been around for 1000 years? There must be something that the human body or mind gains in spite of the threat of an early death. I realize this craving for nicotine on a personal level because I smoke. Smoker's self-reported motives for smoking include stress reduction and improved circulation (3). That sounds like my reasons. Plus smoking is like a friend that I visit and have a good time with, something that I enjoy being with. Smoking cigarettes produces a rapid distribution of nicotine throughout the body, and reaching the brain within 10 seconds of inhalation (4). The nicotine causes a release of dopamine, neurotransmitters that carries information across synaptic clefts, in the dopamine circuit. This circuit, known as the brain's pleasure center, is an anatomically small cluster of cells. It has evolved over millions of years and mainly seems to reward activities that increase the likelihood of survival, such as sex and eating. This cluster of cells might be small but it reaches into regions of the brain involved with a variety of tasks (4). . These dopamine-releasing pathways course from the evolutionary older part of the midbrain to the hypothalamus and trigger activity of other cells, that extend from one part of the midbrain to an area in the forebrain known as the nucleus accumbens (2). It also branches out t... ...reatments further improves smoke cessation success rates (4). Considering the high death rate due to smoking and the difficulty of withdrawing from this deadly addiction, it is not a good sign that America's youth cigarette usage is escalating. Smoking prevalence among adolescents has risen dramatically since 1990, with more than 3,000 additional children and adolescents becoming regular users of tobacco each day (1). WWW Sources 1)Quick Facts about Nicotine http://ctri.wisc.edu/sub_dept/quick_facts/ 2)Interesting Science http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/home?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 3) Gleitman, H., Fridlun, A., and Reisberg, D. Psychology. Fifth Edition. New York. W.W. Norton & Company. 1999 4)U.S. Government Research Reports , http://nida.gov/researchreports/nicotine/ 5)MSNBC News Website , http://msnbc.msn.com/news/263658.asp .